Faculty of Health Sciences

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    Anti-inflammatory effects of orally and topically administered nanoformulations of Malva Parviflora root extract, and Prunus persica and Cupressus sempervirens exudates
    (ELSEVIER, 2025) Kheoane, Poloko Stephen; Mbara, Chimaeze Kingsley; Lenkoe, Tsepo Arnold; Magama, Sebusiswe; Mohale, Mokonyana; Tarirai, Clemence
    Background: Medicinal plants have been used traditionally as oral and topical herbs for treating inflammation and alleviating pain. Particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practices, many plants from the genera Malva, Prunus, and Cupressus are used to treat various inflammation-related diseases. This study investigated in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the root extracts of Malva parviflora, the exudates of Prunus persica, Cupressus sempervirens and their chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan nanogels. Methods: In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of M. parviflora root extracts, P. persica and C. sempervirens exudates were investigated using the protein denaturation assay method. A 1% bovine albumin reaction mixture in phosphate buffer and 80% (v/v) methanol was incubated with plant extracts or exudates at 37 ◦C and 70 ◦C. Cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles loaded with plant extracts or exudates were prepared by the gelation method. The entrapment efficiency of the plants in the chitosan nanoformulation was estimated using the phenolic content of plant materials. The nanoparticles-based nanogel was formulated by suspending nano- particles in a gel base. Inflammation was induced in Wistar rats (230 – 270 g) by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL of 1% (w/v) carrageenan in the plantar tissue of the right hind paw of the rats. The rats (n = 48) were randomly divided into two experimental groups (A and B) of 24 rats each for oral and topical administration of nanoformulations, respectively. Each group (n = 24) was subdivided into 6 test group (n = 4), where test groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with 500 mg/kg/BW each of M. parviflora, C. sempervirens, and P. persica nanoparticle/ nanogel, either orally or topically, respectively. Test groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively served as positive control, placebo nanoparticles (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles), and negative control, treated orally or topically with indo- methacin (50 mg/kg/BW), chitosan nanoparticle/nanogel alone (500 mg/kg/BW/100 mg/kg/BW), and saline (3 mL). Results: P. persica exudate had the highest TPC of 70.42 ± 0.53 μg of GAE/mg compared to M. parviflora root extract and C. sempervirens exudate with the 30.93 ± 1.65 μg of GAE/mg and 9.99 ± 0.65 μg of GAE/mg, respectively. M. parviflora root extracts had the highest in vitro protein denaturation (92.40%) compared to leaves and stem extracts. P. persica and C. sempervirens nanoparticles had the highest entrapment efficiencies (99.46% and 99.56%). M. parviflora root extract nanoparticles showed the greatest inhibition of oedema (90%) with oral administration, outperforming P. persica and C. sempervirens exudates nanoparticles (both 87%). M. parviflora, P. persica and C. sempervirens nanoparticles and placebos (chitosan) nanoparticles had better overall anti- inflammatory activity than indomethacin after 24 h. For topical applications, C. sempervirens exudate nanogel had the highest oedema inhibition, and placebo nanogel was more effective than the other plant nanogels and indomethacin after 24 h. Conclusion: Formulating medicinal plants in nanoscale dosage forms provides an effective therapy against inflammation. This avenue could counteract the rapidly developing resistance of drugs to diseases and some sideeffects associated with the administration of multiple allopathic drugs. Further in vivo studies using steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory controls are recommended.
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    Antidepressant activity of Zembrin alone and combined with desipramine in flinders sensitive line rats
    (North-West University, 2021-12) Polile, R P
    Introduction: People with major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety disorders tend to have poor response to treatment compared to patient with major depressive disorder alone. The standardized extract of Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin®) is a multi-model serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B inhibitor that may be a promising novel therapy for patients with depression, either as monotherapy or as an augmentation strategy in poor responders. Therefore, investigation into its therapeutic potential alone following sub-chronic treatment and in combination with a known standard antidepressant is required. Aim of the study: To assess the dose-related antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of Zembrin® (ZEM) in the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a genetic model of depression, alone and as an adjunctive treatment with low-dose desipramine (DMI), and correlation with altered regional brain monoamines and phosphodiesterase 4B expression. Material and methods: For confirmation of the model, 12 male Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats and 12 male FSL rats (control group) were treated with saline for 14 days via oral gavage. Seven groups (n =12) of male FSL rats were treated with a 3-tier dose of ZEM (10, 25 & 30 mg/kg/day), and a 2-tier dose of DMI (15 & 30 mg/kg/day) for 14 days via oral gavage to establish predictive validity. To assess augmentation potential, ZEM (10 & 30 mg/kg/day), was combined with a low dose of DMI (15 mg/kg/day) over 14 days. Following treatment, depressive- like behaviour was assessed in the Forced Swim Test (FST), and anxiety-like behaviour was assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). The behavioural assessment was followed by analyses of cortical and hippocampal monoamines and PDE4B levels. Results: Depressive-like behaviour was significantly increased in FSL rats versus Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) control rats. DMI (15 & 30 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased immobility and increased struggling behaviour in the FST. ZEM (10, 25 & 30 mg/kg/day) showed no antidepressant-like properties in the FST versus SAL (saline) treated FSL rats. Similarly, combinations of ZEM+DMI showed no antidepressant-like properties in FST versus FSL saline treated rats. ZEM-10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 showed no antidepressant-like effects in FSL rats versus DMI-15 treated rats. ZEM- ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ii 10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 significantly reduced immobility in the FST in FSL rats versus ZEM- (10 & 30 mg/kg/day) monotherapies. FSL rats did not demonstrate anxiety in either the OFT or EPM versus FRL rats. There was significantly increased cortical norepinephrine (NE) levels in FRL rats versus FSL saline control, nevertheless, the hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels were reduced in the FRL rats versus FSL saline control. In the DMI-30 treated rats, hippocampal and cortical NE levels were reduced versus FSL saline rats, whereas the hippocampal NE levels were reduced in DMI-15 versus FSL saline rats. ZEM-30 significantly increased frontal cortical NE and 5-HT levels versus the FSL saline control group. Neither DMI (15 mg/kg/day) nor ZEM (10 & 30 mg/kg/day) monotherapies reduced cortical and hippocampal PDE4B levels in FSL rats versus SAL FSL control group. However, ZEM-10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 combination therapies significantly reduced hippocampal PDE4B levels versus FSL SAL treated rats. ZEM-30+DMI-15 significantly increased cortical PDE4B levels versus FSL SAL treated rats. Conclusions: FSL rats showed distinct depressive- like characteristics versus FRL controls. DMI alone reverse depressive-like behavioural characteristics in FSL rats. We were unable to confirm the antidepressant-like effects of ZEM in this study, either alone or in combination with DMI. These results may be model-related. Nevertheless, studies on hippocampal PDE4 levels do lend some support for the augmentation potential of ZEM as an add-on therapy for patients responding poorly to standard antidepressants, especially where specific actions on the hippocampal PDE4B are required. Combination of ZEM with antidepressants i.e., NRIs may be depressogenic displaying increased cortical PDE4B levels. However, further work is needed.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Antidepressant activity of Zembrin alone and combined with desipramine in flinders sensitive line rats
    (North-West University, 2021-12) Polile, R P; Lekhooa, Makhotso; Harvey, Brian H; Steyn, Stephan
    Introduction: People with major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety disorders tend to have poor response to treatment compared to patient with major depressive disorder alone. The standardized extract of Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin®) is a multi-model serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B inhibitor that may be a promising novel therapy for patients with depression, either as monotherapy or as an augmentation strategy in poor responders. Therefore, investigation into its therapeutic potential alone following sub-chronic treatment and in combination with a known standard antidepressant is required. Aim of the study: To assess the dose-related antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of Zembrin® (ZEM) in the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a genetic model of depression, alone and as an adjunctive treatment with low-dose desipramine (DMI), and correlation with altered regional brain monoamines and phosphodiesterase 4B expression. Material and methods: For confirmation of the model, 12 male Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats and 12 male FSL rats (control group) were treated with saline for 14 days via oral gavage. Seven groups (n =12) of male FSL rats were treated with a 3-tier dose of ZEM (10, 25 & 30 mg/kg/day), and a 2-tier dose of DMI (15 & 30 mg/kg/day) for 14 days via oral gavage to establish predictive validity. To assess augmentation potential, ZEM (10 & 30 mg/kg/day), was combined with a low dose of DMI (15 mg/kg/day) over 14 days. Following treatment, depressive- like behaviour was assessed in the Forced Swim Test (FST), and anxiety-like behaviour was assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). The behavioural assessment was followed by analyses of cortical and hippocampal monoamines and PDE4B levels. Results: Depressive-like behaviour was significantly increased in FSL rats versus Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) control rats. DMI (15 & 30 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased immobility and increased struggling behaviour in the FST. ZEM (10, 25 & 30 mg/kg/day) showed no antidepressant-like properties in the FST versus SAL (saline) treated FSL rats. Similarly, combinations of ZEM+DMI showed no antidepressant-like properties in FST versus FSL saline treated rats. ZEM-10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 showed no antidepressant-like effects in FSL rats versus DMI-15 treated rats. ZEM- ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ii 10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 significantly reduced immobility in the FST in FSL rats versus ZEM- (10 & 30 mg/kg/day) monotherapies. FSL rats did not demonstrate anxiety in either the OFT or EPM versus FRL rats. There was significantly increased cortical norepinephrine (NE) levels in FRL rats versus FSL saline control, nevertheless, the hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels were reduced in the FRL rats versus FSL saline control. In the DMI-30 treated rats, hippocampal and cortical NE levels were reduced versus FSL saline rats, whereas the hippocampal NE levels were reduced in DMI-15 versus FSL saline rats. ZEM-30 significantly increased frontal cortical NE and 5-HT levels versus the FSL saline control group. Neither DMI (15 mg/kg/day) nor ZEM (10 & 30 mg/kg/day) monotherapies reduced cortical and hippocampal PDE4B levels in FSL rats versus SAL FSL control group. However, ZEM-10+DMI-15 and ZEM-30+DMI-15 combination therapies significantly reduced hippocampal PDE4B levels versus FSL SAL treated rats. ZEM-30+DMI-15 significantly increased cortical PDE4B levels versus FSL SAL treated rats. Conclusions: FSL rats showed distinct depressive- like characteristics versus FRL controls. DMI alone reverse depressive-like behavioural characteristics in FSL rats. We were unable to confirm the antidepressant-like effects of ZEM in this study, either alone or in combination with DMI. These results may be model-related. Nevertheless, studies on hippocampal PDE4 levels do lend some support for the augmentation potential of ZEM as an add-on therapy for patients responding poorly to standard antidepressants, especially where specific actions on the hippocampal PDE4B are required. Combination of ZEM with antidepressants i.e., NRIs may be depressogenic displaying increased cortical PDE4B levels. However, further work is needed.
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    Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of four plant species used in traditional medicine in Lesotho
    (International Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 2013) Magama, S.; Lieta, M. I.; Asita, A. O.
    Among the top ten causes of death in Lesotho are degenerative diseases such as heart failure, anaemia, diabetes mellitus and stroke, which are generally linked to oxidative stress. The therapeutic benefit of medicinal plants in the treatment of degenerative diseases is attributed to their antioxidant properties. In the present study, crude extracts of four plant species used in ethnomedicine in Lesotho were evaluated for their antioxidant activities using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and total phenolics. The species were Leucosidea sericea (leaves), Berkheya setifera (corm), Trifolium burchellianum (leaves, stems and roots) and Polygala virgata (leaves and stems). Camellia sinensis (green tea) was included as a standard as it is known to have antioxidant activity. Results showed that these plants scavenged DPPH radicals and hydrogen peroxide, reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ and contained phenolics. A fair correlation between total phenolics and antioxidant activity was observed. L. sericea and B. setifera with the highest content of phenolics (149.63 and 66.0 mg GAE/g dry extract respectively) were also more potent in all the antioxidant assays. The results suggested that phenolics in these plants could be partly responsible for their beneficial therapeutic effects.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of selected edible wild plant extracts
    (Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2016-12-06) Kheoane, Poloko Stephen; Tarirai, Clemence; Gadaga, Tendekayi Henry; Carmen, Leonard; Nyanzi, Richard
    Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic aAntioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. subsp. animalis animalis (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC 25527), Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus (TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus acidophilus acidophilus (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity. Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa (500 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC 50 of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC50 <60 <60 µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). Rorippa nudiusculaRorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of B. animalis B. animalis B. animalis significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8-fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album and and and Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosusL. rhamnosusL. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of L. acidophilus L. acidophilusL. acidophilus L. acidophilus L. acidophilus than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. It was It was It was It was concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.
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    Assessing challenges and opportunities of treating breast cancer in Lesotho
    (Medical Research Archives/European Society of Medicine, 2023-11-30) Ramathebane, Maseabata M; Maja, Lineo J; Sooro, Mopa; Sello, Molungoa; Mokhethi, Motselisi; Mputsoe, Kabelo
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    Assessment of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity, ferric reducing power and phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Malva parviflora
    (IISTE, 2024-05-31) Polile, RP; Matamane, RP; Tlou, L
    In this study, preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of crude methanolic extract of whole plant of Malva parviflora were evaluated. Phytochemical screening was achieved using standard assay methods and for antioxidant activity, three assays viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, phosphomolybdate assay (total antioxidant capacity, TAC) and ferric reducing power assay were used to screen the extract at various concentrations. The extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and terpenoids. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of methanolic M. parviflora extract (MMP) were found to be in the range 41.88±1.69 to 95.44±2.91% and 52.45±1.45 to 89.65±2.84% respectively. MMP was found to be potent with IC50 values for DPPH and TAC being 91.61 and 29.15 µg/mL, respectively. MMP was found to be dose-dependent as its reducing power increased with extract concentration. Generally, MMP exhibited promising phytochemical and antioxidative properties as a potential source for novel drugs. As such, further studies are required on this plant in order to commercial new products
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    ItemOpen Access
    Assessment of groundwater quality near a dumpsite and evaluation of human health risk in Souteast Maseru, Lesotho
    (SpringerNature, 2025) George, Maeti Antoinette; Leshota, Qatsa; Thoala, Stella
    Inadequate management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a global environmental concern for human health and ecosystems. In Lesotho, open dumping is the oldest method of solid waste disposal that threatens nearby water bodies, especially groundwater. There is under-presentation of monitoring data from the Ts’osane dumpsite, and this study intended to address the gap. The study investigated groundwater quality and level of non-carcinogenic health hazard for residents who consume the groundwater. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides (Cl), copper (Cu), electrical conductivity (EC), iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and pH) were analysed from 30 samples for five private boreholes within the 900 m radius from the dumpsite, following the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods. Data analysis entailed descriptive analysis, and correlation coefficient established relationships amongst the parameters. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were used to assess communities’ risk. The results were as follows: Cl (191– 288.7 mg/L), COD (54–82.25 mg/L), Fe (0.18–1.22 mg/L) and Pb (0.05–0.08 mg/L) and were in the order Pb > Fe > COD > Cl. The mean of 1173 μS/cm for EC was slightly below the permissible threshold of 1500 μS/cm. Cl, COD, Fe and Pb exceeded the World Health Organisation (WHO) limit for drinking water. The dumpsite may have influenced groundwater quality, however, health risk assessment revealed that HQ and HI were below 1, indicating a low likelihood of adverse health effects. The study recommends utilisation of anti-seepage systems to avert further seepage of pollutants into groundwater.
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    Assessment of heavy metals and health risks of street vended foods in the Mangaung Metro Municipality, Free State, South Africa
    (Elsevier, 2024-10-25) Letuka, Pontso; Nkhebenyane, Sebolelo; Tywabi-Ngeva, Zikhona
    Street food vending is part of the informal sector that plays a significant role 10 in improving socio-economic status of vendors and the food security of consumers. 11 However, this sector faces safety challenges mostly due to anthropogenic activities and 12 the lack of regulation. Chemical and heavy metal contamination from agricultural 13 practices and industrial activities are significant concerns. This study aimed to evaluate 14 heavy metal contamination in commonly vended foods-pap, chicken, pork and 15 moroho/salads- in the Free State, South Africa, and assess the associated health risks to 16 consumers. Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to 17 evaluate differences between means, followed by Pairwise Comparison (p=0.05). 18 Results indicated heavy metal contamination in all analysed samples. The overall 19 median and IQR of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in descending order Fe 4.365(4.424), 20 Zn 3.605(3.711), As 2.653(2.971), Pb 1.095(1.266), Cu 0.271(0.326), Cr 0.212(0.117) and Zn 0.023(0.027) mg/kg. Multiple pairwise comparisons showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) for As between all pairs, while other heavy metals showed some variations without statistical significance. The EDI values of pap, chicken, pork and moroho/salads were below the recommended dietary values, suggesting the heavy metals may not pose a public health risk. The health risk assessment through ICLR and Hazard Index (HI) indicated potential cancer and non-cancer risks from heavy metals in street-vended foods, as ICLR≥10-3 and HI >1. This implies that habitual consumers are at risk of non-carcinogenic health conditions
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    Assessment of patient counselling in diabetic and hypertensive patients in terms of patient knowledge about their medication, disease state and lifestyle modifications by pharmacy personnel at LDF clinic in Maseru
    (INNOVARE Academic Sciences, 2018-02-13) Maja, Lineo J; Masia, Thabiso; Binyane, Kabelo; Ramathebane, Maseabata M
    Objective: To investigate if diabetic and hypertensive patients were being adequately counselled by pharmacy personnel about their medication, disease states and lifestyle modifications at Lesotho defence force (LDF) clinic in Maseru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetic and hypertensive patients treated at LDF clinic in Maseru from March to May 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data in a face-to-face interview with patients. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to analyse collected data. Results: The study population consisted of 222 participants; 22 (28.2%) of diabetic. respondents had inadequate knowledge of diabetes mellitus complications and 56 (71.8%) had no knowledge of complications. 153 (78.8%) of hypertensive respondents had inadequate knowledge of hypertension complications and 33 (17.1%) had no knowledge of complications. 56 (25.2%) had adequate knowledge of lifestyle modifications of diabetes mellitus and hypertension and 164 (73.9%) had inadequate knowledge. 182 (82.0%) had adequate knowledge of their anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic medicines names, 20 (9.0%) had inadequate knowledge and 20 (9.0%) had no knowledge. 63 (28.4%) had adequate knowledge of their medicines strengths, 17 (7.7%) had inadequate knowledge and 142 (64.0%) had no knowledge. 199 (89.6%) respondents had adequate knowledge of dosing frequency and 20 (9.0%) had inadequate knowledge. Conclusion: Hypertensive and diabetic patients’ knowledge about medication, disease states and lifestyle modifications were inadequate due to poor patient counselling on such aspects by pharmacy personnel at LDF clinic in Maseru.
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    Assessment of Soil Degradation in a Palustrine Wetland and the Implication on its Water Purification Potential
    (journal of clean water air soil, 2021-09-24) George, Maeti; Ngole-Jeme, Veronica M
    This study determined the extent of degradation of soils in Khubelu wetland in Lesotho and the impact this may have on its water purification potential. Seventy-two soil samples were collected at different sites and depths around the wetland and characterised for different properties. The values of these properties were then used to determine the chemical degradation index (CDI) of the wetland soils. The soils were non-saline as reflected by the electrical conductivity (EC) values (<0.25 mS/cm), mostly acidic (4.5 < pH < 5.22) with moderate organic matter content (2.06–3.9 %). These soil properties varied with depth and from upstream to downstream of the wetland. Values for soil CDI were 3.42, 3.25 and 3.06 for soils from upstream, midstream and downstream of the wetland, respectively, indicating a decrease in soil degradation from upstream to downstream. The dominance of emergent vegetation in the Khubelu wetland may indicate a potential to get rid of sediments in influents into the wetland but the soil characteristics may present a challenge with regards to the removal of nutrients and organic and inorganic pollutants from these influents. The characteristics of the soils and the extent of soil degradation present some challenges in the performance of the Khubelu wetland as a water purification system especially with regards to nutrients and organic and inorganic pollutants.
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    Assessment of water quality, soil degradation and water purification ability of Khubelu wetland in Mokhotlong Lesotho, and the implications of climate change
    (University of South Africa, 2020-04) George, Antoinette Maeti
    Palustrine wetlands in Lesotho are vulnerable to vegetation loss due to overgrazing and the nature of the topography, the latter leading to gully erosion exacerbated by a degraded soil structure. Degraded soils are not able to adsorb pollutants; neither can they support vegetation growth. The presence of degraded soils in wetlands thus contributes towards leaching of pollutants into nearby streams and groundwater resources. Khubelu wetland (which was the focus of this study) is a palustrine wetland that discharges water into the Khubelu stream in Lesotho. The water purification function of this wetland is pertinent since Khubelu River is one of the tributaries at the headwaters of the shared Orange-Senqu basin. This function is threatened by vegetation loss and soil degradation through overgrazing and environmental conditions like extreme climatic variations. Consequently, water released into adjacent streams from the wetland could be of low quality, further putting at risk the health of this ecosystem and users of these streams due to toxicity caused by the polluted water from the wetland. With predicted floods and/or droughts and intense heat, water temperatures may rise by up to 70% in the 21st century according to researchers. It is believed that floods would lead to shorter residence time of water within wetlands, washing away soil with pollutants into surrounding streams before any geochemical processes that would sequester them occurs. Droughts on the other hand would lead to failure of dilution of polluted waters. Excessive evaporation due to intense heat would also leave pollutant-concentrated water behind. Since these wetlands are the headwaters of an international river, the problem of water pollution and deteriorated water resources might be regional. The main aim of the study was to characterise the extent of soil degradation and water quality in the Khubelu wetland and assess the water purification ability in an endeavour to understand the role the wetland plays in the quality of water in rivers and streams fed by the Khubelu wetland, and also to understand how changes in climate would impact on the wetland characteristics. In situ analyses of soil and water were done followed by sampling of the same for further analysis in the laboratory using standard methods. Surface water samples were collected from two sampling points in the Khubelu stream, whereas water in the wetland was sampled from seven piezometers installed in the wetland. Three replicates of water samples were collected from each sampling point monthly over a period of one year. The water properties determined included pH, v Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), cations (magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), nitrates, phosphates and chlorides. The data generated from these analyses were subjected to various statistical tests and the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the wetland and stream waters determined. The water quality drinking standards were preferred in this study since the major beneficiaries of the stream that emanates from the wetland are human populace. Prediction of water quality in the wetland in light of the changing climate was done using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. Soil samples were collected from the upper, middle and lower areas of the wetland, referred to as upstream, midstream and downstream of the wetland in the report, at the same sites where the piezometers were installed. At each site, three sampling points were identified two metres apart from each other and samples collected at depths of 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm at each site. The soil samples were then characterised for their texture, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Total Carbon (TC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Organic Matter (OM), exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, and available phosphorus, using standard procedures. The soil data generated were then subjected to data analyses and the Chemical Degradation Index (CDI) of the wetland soils determined. Determination of the wetland’s potential to purify water was done by assessing its ability to retain nutrients, pollutants and sediments. Results obtained in this study showed that the wetland and stream water had circumneutral pH with values that ranged from 6.32 -7.69. The values for Na, Ca, K, Mg, TDS, NO3, Cl and DO in the wetland and stream waters were below the WHO drinking water standards thresholds of 200 mg/l for Na and Ca, 12 mg/l for K, 150 mg/l for Mg, 50 mg/l for TDS 50 mg/l for NO3, 5 mg/l for DO and BOD, and 250 mg/l for Cl. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) water standards for livestock drinking were: EC: <1.5 mS/cm (Excellent); 1.5 – 5.0 mS/cm (very satisfactory); < 250 mg/l of Mg for cows, 400 mg/l for beef cattle, and 500 mg/l for adult sheep. SA Irrigation water quality standards were also used, and it was determined that pH was within the acceptable threshold of 6.5 – 8.4, 70 mg/l for sodium and 0.4 mS/cm for EC. EC of 0.41 mS/cm to 1.12 mS/cm in the wetland and 0.67 mS/cm to 2.11 mS/cm in the stream was above the SA irrigation vi water quality standards. Other water properties such as PO4 (0.06-1.26 mg/l in stream and 0.17-0.61 mg/l in wetland), and COD (10.00 to 55.00 mg/l in stream and 48-140.80 mg/l in the wetland) were above the WHO permissible limits. The water quality in the Khubelu wetland and stream ranged from very poor to unsuitable for drinking, with WQI values of 107 for the stream and 93 for the wetland. Water quality simulation along the Khubelu stream using the WEAP model shows that by the year 2025, BOD as one of the water quality parameters, would be high, with DO declining further especially if temperature increases and precipitation decreases. The wetland had sandy and acidic soils, with the TC and TN content of the soil decreasing with depth. The CDI value for the soil was 3.29. Regarding potential to reduce sediments, nutrients and organic pollutants, the wetland scored 7.09, 5.39 and 7.39 out of 10, respectively. This implies that there is moderate potential for the wetland to purify water that is discharged into the stream. The study concludes that the stream and wetland water qualities are unsuitable for human consumption and usable for livestock drinking. However, there might be some risks associated with evaporation that would leave the water saline. The wetland water presents a threat to the water quality of the receiving stream. However, the wetland has moderate potential to retain sediments, nutrients and toxic organics. This potential is threatened by a predicted decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature since oxygen-depleting contaminants and other pollutants whose behaviour in the environment are influenced by climate are highly likely to increase in concentrations in both the wetland and the stream. There is therefore a threat to the supply of water of good quality to the Senqu catchment, which supplies neighbouring countries (South Africa, Namibia and Botswana). Similar studies to this one need to be carried out for other wetlands in Lesotho on a regular basis to come up with data that would aid policy development that seeks to protect water resources.
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    Autophagic regulation of P62 is critical for cancer therapy
    (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018-05-08) Ariful, Islam; Sooro, MA
    Sequestosome1 (p62/SQSTM 1) is a multidomain protein that interacts with the autophagy machinery as a key adaptor of target cargo. It interacts with phagophores through the LC3-interacting (LIR) domain and with the ubiquitinated protein aggregates through the ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA) domain. It sequesters the target cargo into inclusion bodies by its PB1 domain. This protein is further the central hub that interacts with several key signaling proteins. Emerging evidence implicates p62 in the induction of multiple cellular oncogenic transformations. Indeed, p62 upregulation and/or reduced degradation have been implicated in tumor formation, cancer promotion as well as in resistance to therapy. It has been established that the process of autophagy regulates the levels of p62. Autophagy-dependent apoptotic activity of p62 is recently being reported. It is evident that p62 plays a critical role in both autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore in this review we discuss the role of p62 in autophagy, apoptosis and cancer through its different domains and outline the importance of modulating cellular levels of p62 in cancer therapeutics.
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    Barriers to lifestyle modification compliance among type 2 diabetic patients in Lesotho
    (University of Wolverhampton, 2023-02-02) Tsosane, Malefu; Mahlelehlele, Bokang Amelia; Murandu, Moses
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered a serious long-term condition which is one of the top 10 causes of death among adults and it has got a major impact on lives and well-being of individuals, families and societies. The most common type of DM in Africa is Type2 (T2DM). Diabetes being a major problem worldwide, healthy eating coupled with regular physical activity help in achieving a good glycemic control as well as delaying and reducing the onset of commonest diabetes complications. The current study aimed at exploring the barrier to lifestyle modification compliance among type 2 diabetic clients at Paki health center Lesotho. In this study, a quantitative descriptive design was applied in exploring the barriers of compliance to lifestyle modifications (diabetes selfmanagement) among adults with type 2 diabetes. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, which were administered to 40 study participants who were purposively selected for inclusion into study. The study revealed that among other factors, financial constraints 21participants (52.5%) is associated with noncompliance to healthy eating habits. Other reasons from non-compliance to healthy eating were identified as absence of written instructions, sickness, lack of stamina to exercise, laziness and lack of access to physical activity facilities with percentages 85%, 65%, 50% and 40% respectively. Thus, study findings reveal needs for continuous health education on health benefits of healthy eating habits and physical activity.
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    Bridging the knowledge gap
    (Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 2025) Shelile, Mpho Z; Polile, Rasemoko R
    Pharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in assessing the risk-benefit ratio of medications, promoting their safe, rational, and effective use, and ultimately improving patient safety and care. Nurses play a fundamental role in drug administration and monitoring the therapeutic and non-therapeutic effects of drugs. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding pharmacovigilance among newly graduated registered nurses in Lesotho, both before and after an educational intervention. This study utilized a questionnaire-based educational intervention with a pre- and post-test design, involving newly graduated registered nurses. A link to a 15-item pre-validated electronic questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pharmacovigilance was distributed to newly graduated registered nurses before and after an educational intervention. Ethical clearance and consent from the respondents were secured prior to the start of the study. A total of 197 newly graduated registered nurses from 6 nurse training institutions participated in this pre- and post-KAP questionnaire study. When comparing the KAP of pharmacovigilance before and after the educational intervention, the increase in correct response rates was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The training evaluation received positive feedback from the participants. Incorporating a pharmacovigilance module into pre-service nurse training is essential. Additionally, continuing in-service and hands-on nurse training on adverse drug reaction reporting can enhance the KAP of pharmacovigilance and improve adverse drug reaction reporting in nursing practice. The concepts of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting should be further reinforced, as there is significant potential for growth in this area
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    Challenges of Open Distance Learning: Insights from Nursing Students at the National University of Lesotho
    (Science Publishing Group, 2024-09-20) Letsae, Thapelo John; Mahlelehlele, Bokang Amelia; Maja, Lineo J; Phiri, Letuka James
    Background: The implementation of an E-learning pedagogical model of education for Bachelor of Nursing Science students presents obstacles, including delayed assignment completion, insufficient class participation, low competency, and job loss. Objective: To explore nursing students’ challenges associated with open distance learning at the National University of Lesotho. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and was distributed to Participants online through google forms. The study was conducted for the period of three weeks in the month of May 2024. The data was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Results: A total of 58 students responded, out of which 93% experienced challenges during open distance learning while 7% did not. About 81% of Participants struggled with technology, while 71% complained about unreliable internet and personal issues that affected their study during open distance learning. Furthermore, environmental factors interrupted communications among learners and instructors. Issues of unreliable internet, impaired interaction, insufficient built-in support, institutional organization and personal factors that affected open distance learning were revealed. Conclusion: The research findings provide insight on the need to efficiently implement open distance learning for nursing students. Challenges experienced by nursing students that affected their learning include struggling with technology, requiring built-in support systems, and the need to secure an internet connection during open distance learning. Furthermore, prior planning for open distance learning is necessary for proper organization and management of personal issues affecting open distance learning
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    Characteristics of patients admitted with diabetes in Maseru, Lesotho
    (African Journal of Diabetes, 2013) Thinyane, K. H.; Theketsa, C. E.
    Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In 2009, diabetes was the leading non-infectious cause of admissions to public hospitals in Lesotho. Our aim was to investigate the reasons for hospitalisation among diabetic patients in Maseru, Lesotho. We studied the clinical characteristics and medical history of 80 adult patients admitted to Queen Elizabeth II Referral Hospital for the management of uncontrolled diabetes and evaluated the quality of diabetes care prior to admission. The median age was 49 years; 89% of the patients had type 2 diabetes and 74% of patients had been on antidiabetic treatment for more than 1 year. The majority (85%) of patients presented with hyperglycaemia. The most common chronic complication and co-morbidities were diabetic retinopathy (35%) and hypertension (56%) respectively. Most (89%) patients had received diabetes education, but less than half were adherent to recommended lifestyle changes and only 14% performed self-monitoring of blood glucose. The medicAtion non-adherence rate was 20%, and 31% of patients had defaulted from therapy in the previous 6 months. Blood glucose was measured routinely at check-up. In the previous 12 months, 75% of the patients had had eye examinations, but lipid screening, urinalysis, and foot examinations had each been performed on less than one-third of the patients. There were 42% of the patients who had a history of diabetes-related hospitalisations. We concluded that the most common admission cause was hyperglycaemia. In general, there was poor glycaemic control, a high prevalence of complications and high rates of rehospitalisation among the study population. The quality of diabetes care prior to hospitalisation was suboptimal, characterised by low levels of self-management practices and inadequate screening for diabetes complications.
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    Clinical profile of HIV-infected, HAART- Na�ve patients admitted to a tertiary level hospital in Maseru, Lesotho
    (The internet journal of infectious diseases, 2013) Thinyane, K. H.; Cooper, V.
    Introduction: Southern Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates globally. The HIV epidemic in the region is characterised by high rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to document the clinical profiles of patients hospitalised for the treatment of HIV-related disorders in Maseru, Lesotho. Methods: A prospective observational study of 105 HIV-infected, HAART-na�ve patients admitted at Queen Elizabeth II Referral Hospital in Maseru.Results: The median age was 34 years and 50.5% were female. 74 patients (70.5%) had tested positive for HIV before admission. 85.9% of all patients had presented with Stage III or IV events at diagnosis of HIV infection. 69.5% of the patients were treated for opportunistic infections of which tuberculosis was the commonest (n = 43, 41.0%) followed by oral candidiasis (n = 19, 18.1%) and pneumonia (n = 11,10.5%). 35 patients (33.3%) had severe anaemia (Hb < 8g/dl). The median CD4 count was 73.5 cells/?l; 62 patients (59.0%) were in Stage III and 43 (41.0%) were in Stage IV of HIV infection. The median duration of hospitalisation was 9 days; prolonged hospitalisation was associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis. The in-hospital mortality was 30.5%; the mortality rate was higher among patients with advanced AIDS (Stage IV).Conclusions: The majority of the patients presented with HIV-related opportunistic infections. The main factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in this study were late presentation for diagnosis of HIV infection and treatment of HIV-related disorders.