NULIR
The National University of Lesotho Institutional Repository (NULIR) is a digital archive that collects, preserves, and provides open access to the scholarly and intellectual output of the University.
Recent Submissions
Integrating arts into curriculum to enhance entrepreneurship skills: A case of three Botha-Bothe Schools
(National University of Lesotho, 2025-10) Makhoabenyane, Palesa
The introduction of the integrated curriculum in Lesotho led to a shift from individual subjects to a grouping of subjects under learning areas. Amongst the five learning areas in the new
integrated curriculum is the Arts and Entrepreneurship learning area, which comprises content from subjects such as Business Education, ICT, Home Economics, Art, Crafts, Technical
subjects, Music, Drama and Theatre. The Arts and Entrepreneurship learning area aims at developing creativity and entrepreneurial talents and abilities to curb societal problems such as
unemployment. This research therefore studied the integration of arts into the curriculum and its significance in enhancing entrepreneurship skills. This investigation used a qualitative approach employing a case study research design which enabled an in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of arts in enhancing entrepreneurship skills. The participants in this research were
Business Education teachers currently teaching Arts and Entrepreneurship in three Botha Bothe secondary schools. Two curriculum policy documents were analysed. Also, students’ artefacts were analysed as a form of triangulation. The findings in this study revealed that theintegration of arts into curriculum through its activities develops skills such as creativity, collaboration, problem-solving, and critical-thinking. Literature classifies the aforementioned skills as entrepreneurship skills, which implies that integrating arts into curriculum instills entrepreneurship skills. Therefore, it is crucial for arts to be integrated into curriculum as it enhances entrepreneurship skills.
Striking a balance between human rights protection and maintaining National Security
(National University of Lesotho, 2025-05-07) Ramakoala, Lebohang
This mini-dissertation explores the complex interplay between the protection of human rights
and the imperative of national security within the context of Lesotho’s constitutional
framework. In a democratic dispensation, it is essential for national security agencies to uphold
public safety while simultaneously, required to respect human rights and freedoms. The study
delves into the dilemmas faced by the security agencies as they navigate the often conflicting
demands of constitutional responsibilities and security imperatives. Through a case study
approach, the research examines the historical, legal, and social dimensions of national security
practices in Lesotho, highlighting instances where efforts to safeguard citizens have
encroached upon human rights.
The analysis draws on use of the qualitative research methodology and a review of legal
documents and case law. The findings reveal a persistent tension between the objectives of
national security and the commitment to uphold democratic values, with significant
consequences for human rights protection and public trust in security institutions. The mini-
dissertation concludes with recommendations for policy reforms aimed at fostering greater
accountability and transparency among national security agencies while enhancing their
capacity to protect human rights in the execution of their constitutional mandates. The research
contributes to the broader discourse on national security in a democratic setting, offering
insights that are particularly relevant for emerging democracies grappling with similar challenges.
The impact of the absence of electronic commerce legislation on data privacy and security in electronic transactions in Lesotho
(National University of Lesotho, 2025-05-10) Sephoso, Malefetsane Michael
Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers broadly to all forms of commercial and/or
economic activity conducted through electronic means.1 It comprises of not only the
buying and selling of goods and services over the internet,2 but also activities such as
advertising, online banking, digital content delivery and many others.3 The growth of
e-commerce has, amongst others, reduced the need for buyers and sellers to meet
physically, as many transactional activities can now be carried out online. However,
with the increasing use of the internet and the expansion of e-commerce, concerns have
arisen regarding the adequate protection of consumer information.4 Thereby giving rise
to significant cybersecurity risks.5 Cybersecurity in this context is defined as the
practice of protecting the integrity and confidentiality of information in the digital
realm.6 It is for this reason that the problem that this study discusses is cybersecurity
in Lesotho. Particularly the right to privacy of information in e-commerce, data
protection and data security.
An analysis of how human rights violations affect development in Lesotho
(National University of Lesotho, 2025-05-31) Molikoe, Nthabeleng Magret
This study critically examines the intricate impact of human rights violations on development in
Lesotho. It demonstrates that human rights violations are not only perpetuated by direct
infringements of fundamental rights but also by the state’s failure to ensure the justiciability of all
human rights for effective enforcement. Socio-economic and cultural rights are considered non-
justiciable in Lesotho and this means that their interdependence with civil and political rights is
overlooked. Additionally, discriminatory practices entrenched in customary law are retained and
shielded by the Lesotho Constitution of 1993. The system of male primogeniture, which is one of
the practices protected by culture, creates gender inequalities in society. Men are privileged to the
detriment of women, and this consequently undermines the ability of women to effectively
contribute to their societies in promoting development.
It highlights that Lesotho has traditionally been classified as a dualist state. There have however,been trends in the use of monism and this has conversely repudiated Lesotho’s strict categorisation
as a dualist state. Nonetheless, it is argued that the reliance on both theories of monism and dualism
is presently inadequate for ensuring the protection of human rights and compliance with
international human rights instruments. Lesotho is a state party to a plethora of treaties, and
consequently has to comply with its obligations. To facilitate this, it is important that Lesotho
prioritises the protection human rights and discard the strict adherence to the monist-dualist
dichotomy, which has proven to hamper the protection of human rights.
Moreover, the study integrates a comparative perspective with South Africa and Kenya to draw
valuable lessons and strategies for curbing human rights violations that impact on development.
These countries experiences’ highlight the complex relationship between the protection of human
rights and the effects of such violations on development. This study urges inter alia, the
government of Lesotho to enshrine all socio-economic and cultural rights as judicially enforceable
rights and repeal all discriminatory practices that are protected by customary law.
Critical discussion of the severance pay legal framework in Lesotho
(National University of Lesotho, 2025-05) Thejane, Motlatsi
This Dissertation critically examines the legal framework governing severance pay in Lesotho,
with a comparative focus on Austria’s reformed severance pay model. The study explores the
historical development of severance compensation in Lesotho, the statutory provisions under
the Labour Act 2024, and the system’s compliance with international labour standards,
particularly ILO Convention No. 158and Recommendation No. 166. Through legal and
comparative analysis, the paper identifies significant weaknesses in Lesotho’s current system,
including its financial burden on employers, lack of portability, and limited protection for
employees in cases of liquidation or insolvency. In contrast, Austria’s pre-funded severance
scheme offers a sustainable, equitable, and mobile model. The study recommends that Lesotho
adopt similar structural reforms to enhance the fairness, efficiency, and sustainability of its
severance pay system, ensuring better protection for both employers and employees within an
evolving labour market.