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Item Open Access Uncovering potential targets for MRSA infection treatment(TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2026) Ismail, Eman A; Tageldin, Abdelrahman; Gafar, Mohammed A; Nyandoro, Vincent O; Mautsoe, Relebohile; Omolo, Calvin A; Govender, ThirumalaIntroduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a formidable global health challenge, responsible for severe infections with unacceptably high mortality rates. Conventional antibiotics, though essential, face growing limitations due to resistance, poor penetration into biofilms, and inability to eliminate intracellular reservoirs. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need to explore MRSA-specific targets, including toxin secretion, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and efflux pumps in the design of intelligent antibiotic delivery systems. Nanocarriers provide an ideal platform to address these gaps by enhancing drug stability, penetration, and site-specific delivery, while enabling the co-administration of antibiotics with anti-virulence agents at otherwise inaccessible infection sites. Areas covered: This review discusses emerging MRSA therapeutic targets, cell wall/membrane synth- esis, quorum sensing, biofilms, virulence factors, and efflux pumps, and how nanocarrier-based systems have been engineered to exploit them. Advances from 2015–2025 are analyzed, highlighting nano- enabled strategies that enhance antibiotic efficacy, neutralize toxins, disrupt biofilms, and achieve high drug accumulation at infection foci. Expert opinion: Targeting MRSA’s virulence pathways through nanocarrier systems offers a paradigm shift beyond traditional antibiotics. The next decade will require not only optimization and mechanistic validation but also innovative material design, scalable manufacturing, and integration into clinical practice to realize the promise of nanocarrier-enabled anti-MRSA therapies.Item Open Access Anti-inflammatory effects of orally and topically administered nanoformulations of Malva Parviflora root extract, and Prunus persica and Cupressus sempervirens exudates(ELSEVIER, 2025) Kheoane, Poloko Stephen; Mbara, Chimaeze Kingsley; Lenkoe, Tsepo Arnold; Magama, Sebusiswe; Mohale, Mokonyana; Tarirai, ClemenceBackground: Medicinal plants have been used traditionally as oral and topical herbs for treating inflammation and alleviating pain. Particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practices, many plants from the genera Malva, Prunus, and Cupressus are used to treat various inflammation-related diseases. This study investigated in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the root extracts of Malva parviflora, the exudates of Prunus persica, Cupressus sempervirens and their chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan nanogels. Methods: In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of M. parviflora root extracts, P. persica and C. sempervirens exudates were investigated using the protein denaturation assay method. A 1% bovine albumin reaction mixture in phosphate buffer and 80% (v/v) methanol was incubated with plant extracts or exudates at 37 ◦C and 70 ◦C. Cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles loaded with plant extracts or exudates were prepared by the gelation method. The entrapment efficiency of the plants in the chitosan nanoformulation was estimated using the phenolic content of plant materials. The nanoparticles-based nanogel was formulated by suspending nano- particles in a gel base. Inflammation was induced in Wistar rats (230 – 270 g) by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL of 1% (w/v) carrageenan in the plantar tissue of the right hind paw of the rats. The rats (n = 48) were randomly divided into two experimental groups (A and B) of 24 rats each for oral and topical administration of nanoformulations, respectively. Each group (n = 24) was subdivided into 6 test group (n = 4), where test groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with 500 mg/kg/BW each of M. parviflora, C. sempervirens, and P. persica nanoparticle/ nanogel, either orally or topically, respectively. Test groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively served as positive control, placebo nanoparticles (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles), and negative control, treated orally or topically with indo- methacin (50 mg/kg/BW), chitosan nanoparticle/nanogel alone (500 mg/kg/BW/100 mg/kg/BW), and saline (3 mL). Results: P. persica exudate had the highest TPC of 70.42 ± 0.53 μg of GAE/mg compared to M. parviflora root extract and C. sempervirens exudate with the 30.93 ± 1.65 μg of GAE/mg and 9.99 ± 0.65 μg of GAE/mg, respectively. M. parviflora root extracts had the highest in vitro protein denaturation (92.40%) compared to leaves and stem extracts. P. persica and C. sempervirens nanoparticles had the highest entrapment efficiencies (99.46% and 99.56%). M. parviflora root extract nanoparticles showed the greatest inhibition of oedema (90%) with oral administration, outperforming P. persica and C. sempervirens exudates nanoparticles (both 87%). M. parviflora, P. persica and C. sempervirens nanoparticles and placebos (chitosan) nanoparticles had better overall anti- inflammatory activity than indomethacin after 24 h. For topical applications, C. sempervirens exudate nanogel had the highest oedema inhibition, and placebo nanogel was more effective than the other plant nanogels and indomethacin after 24 h. Conclusion: Formulating medicinal plants in nanoscale dosage forms provides an effective therapy against inflammation. This avenue could counteract the rapidly developing resistance of drugs to diseases and some sideeffects associated with the administration of multiple allopathic drugs. Further in vivo studies using steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory controls are recommended.Item Open Access Bridging the knowledge gap(Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, 2025) Shelile, Mpho Z; Polile, Rasemoko RPharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in assessing the risk-benefit ratio of medications, promoting their safe, rational, and effective use, and ultimately improving patient safety and care. Nurses play a fundamental role in drug administration and monitoring the therapeutic and non-therapeutic effects of drugs. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding pharmacovigilance among newly graduated registered nurses in Lesotho, both before and after an educational intervention. This study utilized a questionnaire-based educational intervention with a pre- and post-test design, involving newly graduated registered nurses. A link to a 15-item pre-validated electronic questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pharmacovigilance was distributed to newly graduated registered nurses before and after an educational intervention. Ethical clearance and consent from the respondents were secured prior to the start of the study. A total of 197 newly graduated registered nurses from 6 nurse training institutions participated in this pre- and post-KAP questionnaire study. When comparing the KAP of pharmacovigilance before and after the educational intervention, the increase in correct response rates was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The training evaluation received positive feedback from the participants. Incorporating a pharmacovigilance module into pre-service nurse training is essential. Additionally, continuing in-service and hands-on nurse training on adverse drug reaction reporting can enhance the KAP of pharmacovigilance and improve adverse drug reaction reporting in nursing practice. The concepts of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting should be further reinforced, as there is significant potential for growth in this areaItem Open Access Raising stroke prevention champions(MDPI, 2026) Shelile, Mpho; Mahlelehlele, Bokang A; Bass, NickGlobally, stroke is a significant health problem and is considered one of the leading causes of mortality and permanent disability worldwide. Nurses are key stake- holders and integral members of the stroke care team, contributing to every stage of care. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of a nurse-led stroke training program on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of registered nurses working in Berea primary health care facilities, Lesotho, before and after an educational intervention. Methods: To evaluate the effectiveness of the nurse-led intervention, this study used a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. Participants completed a structured questionnaire be- fore the intervention to assess their baseline knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to stroke. Following the intervention, which consisted of educational sessions led by trained nurses, the same questionnaire was administered again to measure changes in participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Paired t-tests compared results. Results: A total of 34 registered nurses from 18 primary healthcare facilities participated in this pre- and post-intervention questionnaire study. When comparing knowledge, attitudes, and prac- tices related to stroke before and after the educational intervention, the increase in correct response rates was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The training evaluation received positive feedback from the participants. Conclusions: Structured nurse-led educational interventions enhance nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in stroke care, leading to improved patient outcomes and stronger community-based prevention. These find- ings highlight the need to integrate continuous stroke education into nursing policies and primary health care practice.Item Open Access Assessment of groundwater quality near a dumpsite and evaluation of human health risk in Souteast Maseru, Lesotho(SpringerNature, 2025) George, Maeti Antoinette; Leshota, Qatsa; Thoala, StellaInadequate management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a global environmental concern for human health and ecosystems. In Lesotho, open dumping is the oldest method of solid waste disposal that threatens nearby water bodies, especially groundwater. There is under-presentation of monitoring data from the Ts’osane dumpsite, and this study intended to address the gap. The study investigated groundwater quality and level of non-carcinogenic health hazard for residents who consume the groundwater. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides (Cl), copper (Cu), electrical conductivity (EC), iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and pH) were analysed from 30 samples for five private boreholes within the 900 m radius from the dumpsite, following the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods. Data analysis entailed descriptive analysis, and correlation coefficient established relationships amongst the parameters. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were used to assess communities’ risk. The results were as follows: Cl (191– 288.7 mg/L), COD (54–82.25 mg/L), Fe (0.18–1.22 mg/L) and Pb (0.05–0.08 mg/L) and were in the order Pb > Fe > COD > Cl. The mean of 1173 μS/cm for EC was slightly below the permissible threshold of 1500 μS/cm. Cl, COD, Fe and Pb exceeded the World Health Organisation (WHO) limit for drinking water. The dumpsite may have influenced groundwater quality, however, health risk assessment revealed that HQ and HI were below 1, indicating a low likelihood of adverse health effects. The study recommends utilisation of anti-seepage systems to avert further seepage of pollutants into groundwater.Item Open Access Targeting AMPK signaling(ELSEVIER, 2025) Mbara, Kingsley Chimaeze; Kheoane, Poloko Stephen; Tarirai, ClemenceBerberine (黄连素, hu´ang li´an sù) is a time-honored remedy in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is found in various medicinal herbs and used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), infections, diarrhea, and dysentery. Berberine, the major active component of Coptidis rhizome (黄连, huanglian), Phellodendri cortex (黄柏, huangbai), and Mahoniae caulis (亮叶十大功劳, Gong Lao Mu), exhibits several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, cardioprotective, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic effects. Antidiabetic effects of berberine are partly attributed to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a key mechanism and a potential treatment strategy for DM and its compli- cations. This review discusses recent studies on the significant roles of berberine in activating AMPK for treating DM and its complications. Method: We have comprehensively searched online databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ar- ticles published in English between 2016 and 2025 using different permutations of these keywords: “Berberine”, “AMPK”, “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Diabetic nephropathy”, “Diabetic neuropathy”, “Diabetic retinopathy”, “Diabetic cardiomyopathy”, “Diabetic hepatic steatosis,” “Diabetic bone diseases”, “Diabetic atherosclerosis”, “Diabetic cognitive dysfunction”, “Diabetic lung injury” and “Other diabetic complications” to compile this narrative re- view. Out of 1750 initially retrieved articles, 183 were included based on their relevance to treating DM or its complications through the AMPK signaling pathway, pharmacokinetics, and translational potential. Non-English articles and studies not focused on AMPK activation by berberine and that did not address DM and its compli- cations were excluded. Results: The literature review found that berberine consistently activates AMPK across various preclinical studies of DM. The activation of AMPK is frequently mediated by pathways involving LKB1 and CAMKKβ. Berberine’s activation of AMPK positively impacts glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Evidence from animal models demonstrated its efficacy in ameliorating complications such as diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, hepatic steatosis, bone diseases, atherosclerosis, cognitive dysfunction, and lung injury. Clinical trials reported significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and lipid levels, with minimal side effects, at standard doses. Discussion: AMPK activation by berberine plays a central role in cellular energy homeostasis, modulating key processes such as gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which contribute to its therapeutic efficacy in metabolic dysfunction and DM-related complications. However, challenges remain Abbreviations: ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; C/ EBPβ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; CypD, cyclophilin D; DCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; DN, diabetic neuropathy; DPN, diabetic nephropathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERK, extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; HIF-1α, hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha; IR, insulin resistance; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; LKB1, Liver Kinase B1; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NEU1, Neuraminidase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2; NF-?B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; OA, osteoarthritis; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PGC-1a, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? coactivator 1 a; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Runx2, Runt-related transcription factor 2; SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1; SIRT-1, sirtuin-1; SIRT-3, sirtuin-3; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; TGF-ß1, trans- forming growth factor-beta 1; TORC2, target of rapamycin complex 2Item Open Access A preliminary, quantitative study on the use of traditional and complementary medicine by cancer patients seen at the Senkatana Oncology Clinic, Maseru, Lesotho(BMC, 2024-04-01) Sooro, Mopa A; Thoahlane, Thabo S; Ramathebane, Maseabata V; Mputsoe, Kabelo ABackground The use of traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) by cancer patients remains common in several countries especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the reasons for use are complex and change with time and geographic location, they may vary from therapy to therapy, and they are different from one individual to another. The use of TCM has been associated with active coping behaviour and a way through which patients take control of their own health. However, cancer patients do not disclose their use of TCM to the attending healthcare professionals and therefore the effects of these medicines on the patients may not be ascertained. Aim To investigate the use of traditional and complementary medicines among patients diagnosed with cancer. Methods A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted at Senkatana Oncology clinic in May to June 2023. Cancer patients underwent standardized, quantitative interviews using structured questionnaires about their use of TCM. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Logistic regression analysis was also used to identify factors associated with satisfaction with the performance of TCM. Results All interviewed patients (n = 50, 100%) reported to be using TCM. Patients consisted of 24 females (48%) and 26 males (52%) in the age range 14 to 82 years old. The majority of the study population was in the age group 35–44 years old. The most prevalent cancer among participating males was prostate cancer and among females was cervical cancer. Biological products use was the most prominent with the highest average percentage usage (14.7%). The majority of patients (66%, n = 33) indicated that they just wanted to try everything that could help. Patients (n = 47, 94%) further reported that they had been using complementary medicine during the same period as they were using conventional treatment so that both may work to help each other. Neither gender nor age predicted satisfaction with the performance of traditional and complementary medicine. Conclusions It is concluded that all interviewed cancer patients use TCM. Patients indicated that one of the reasons for using TCM was that they wanted to try everything that could help in their cancer care. Patients further reportedItem Open Access Democratic education in technology-mediated postgraduate nursing(ERRC Forum, 2025-05-27) Mahlelehlele, Bokang A; Marittz, Jeanette E; Van Rensburg, Gisela HThis study explores how Master of Nursing Sci- ence students navigate technology-mediated learning and institutional support, examining how digital platforms ei- ther promote or hinder equitable access in resource-lim- ited contexts through a critical pedagogy lens. A qualita- tive research approach, specifically constructivist grounded theory, was used to explore the problem. Data were collected during three focus group discussions in- volving 24 Master of Nursing Science students from the National University of Lesotho. The analysis identified key structural barriers, including unreliable internet con- nectivity, inadequate training on digital platforms, and disparities in technological literacy, which constrained students’ full participation in online learning. In response to these challenges, students developed adaptive strate- gies such as peer support networks, self-directed learning, and emotional resilience. However, relying on individual agency rather than systemic transformation underscores the persistent inequities that postgraduate students expe- rience in resource-limited contexts. The findings highlight the need for universities to transition from passive re- source provision to proactive institutional engagement, ensuring structured support that fosters meaningful learning experiences. To achieve equitable access in technology-mediated postgraduate nursing education, institutions must invest in digital infrastructure, faculty development, and psychosocial support mechanisms. This study contributes to the discourse on democratic education by advocating for systemic reforms that promote inclusive and participatory learning environments in postgraduate nursing education.Item Open Access Factors associated with unplanned pregnancy among youth at a selected hospital in Lesotho(Science Publishing Group, 2024-06-26) Maselinyane, Tseko; Nyangu, Isabel; Nyoni, ChampionUnplanned pregnancy amongst youth is a fundamental health problem that affects both developing and developed countries globally. There are various factors associated with unplanned pregnancy amongst youth and these factors have differing propagators. Unplanned pregnancies account for over half of total pregnancies in Lesotho; youth pregnancies contribute vast percentage overall. This study aimed to assess which factors associated are with unplanned pregnancy among youths who sought antenatal and postnatal care services at a selected government hospital in Lesotho. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used, and data was collected from a sample of 100 participants using a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that unplanned pregnancy among youths was associated with age, unemployment, lack of contraceptive use, sexual abuse, living in rural areas and lack of unplanned pregnancy prevention campaigns. The findings of this study support socio-ecological model which postulates that variety of factors influence health outcomes. We conclude that more needs to be done to improve access to formal education, availability and accessibility of unplanned pregnancy prevention campaigns and sexual and reproductive services. Reduction in unplanned pregnancy has several benefits not only to sexual and reproductive health but to life holistically. Sexual and reproductive health benefits include reduced maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and reduced abortions.Item Open Access Healthcare waste management knowledge, attitudes and practices of laboratory workers at a regional hospital, Lesotho(AOSIS, 2024-12-06) Siimane, Tsaletseng M; Ntsihlele, MotlatsiBackground: Safe management of healthcare waste (HW) safeguards laboratory biosafety and biosecurity. Knowledge and attitudes influence HW practices, presenting a need for evidence of the current status. Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practice of laboratory workers towards waste management at a regional hospital laboratory in Lesotho. Methods: The study was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023 using a mixed-methods descriptive case study design. The entire population (n = 30) of technical and non-technical laboratory workers and generated waste were sampled. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to collect data. Waste generation was assessed by weighing and measuring waste volumes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: All respondents (26/26; 100%) can define HW and (3/3) laboratory assistants (100%) gave correct responses for three questions, namely: risk associated with HW, waste container colour-coding, and disposal requirements. Knowledge on waste management responsibilities ranged between 0% (0/4) for cleaners and 54.5% (6/11) among laboratory technicians. Attitudes were mainly positive, and practices conformed in part to standard operating procedures. Infectious solid waste comprised 77% of solid HW, while 63% of chemical liquid waste emanated from the full blood count area. Conclusion: Knowledge exists among workers and attitudes are predominantly positive; however, some unsafe practices continue, thus knowledge is not fully translated to safe practices. Regular training and measuring and recording of HW were recommended. What this study adds: The study contributes understanding of the status of HW knowledge, attitudes and management practices, highlighting the need for compliance monitoringItem Open Access Assessment of heavy metals and health risks of street vended foods in the Mangaung Metro Municipality, Free State, South Africa(Elsevier, 2024-10-25) Letuka, Pontso; Nkhebenyane, Sebolelo; Tywabi-Ngeva, ZikhonaStreet food vending is part of the informal sector that plays a significant role 10 in improving socio-economic status of vendors and the food security of consumers. 11 However, this sector faces safety challenges mostly due to anthropogenic activities and 12 the lack of regulation. Chemical and heavy metal contamination from agricultural 13 practices and industrial activities are significant concerns. This study aimed to evaluate 14 heavy metal contamination in commonly vended foods-pap, chicken, pork and 15 moroho/salads- in the Free State, South Africa, and assess the associated health risks to 16 consumers. Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to 17 evaluate differences between means, followed by Pairwise Comparison (p=0.05). 18 Results indicated heavy metal contamination in all analysed samples. The overall 19 median and IQR of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in descending order Fe 4.365(4.424), 20 Zn 3.605(3.711), As 2.653(2.971), Pb 1.095(1.266), Cu 0.271(0.326), Cr 0.212(0.117) and Zn 0.023(0.027) mg/kg. Multiple pairwise comparisons showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05) for As between all pairs, while other heavy metals showed some variations without statistical significance. The EDI values of pap, chicken, pork and moroho/salads were below the recommended dietary values, suggesting the heavy metals may not pose a public health risk. The health risk assessment through ICLR and Hazard Index (HI) indicated potential cancer and non-cancer risks from heavy metals in street-vended foods, as ICLR≥10-3 and HI >1. This implies that habitual consumers are at risk of non-carcinogenic health conditionsItem Open Access Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of street food handlers in Mangaung Metro Municipality in free state, South Africa(Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pty Ltd, 2024-02-02) Letuka, Pontso Joyce; Nkhebenyane, Jane; Tywabi-Ngeva, ZikhonaNutritious and safe food is essential for good health. However not all food handlers especially in the street food trade know how to or are willing to prepare nutritiously balanced meals. Many non-communicable diseases are associated with poor diets, this therefore implies that habitual consumers of street vended foods could be at risk. This study therefore aimed to analyze the nutrition knowledge and attitudes of street food handlers as well as the food types sold. The study followed a cross-sectional, quantitative design using a peer reviewed questionnaire to obtain street food handler demographics, nutrition knowledge, attitudes and food types sold. Questionnaires were administered to 100 food vendors (June–August 2022) with more females (57%) than males (43%) in the sample. The nutrition knowledge responses given by vendors are indicative of a satisfactory knowledge level. None of the participants scored below 33% (i.e., ≤5/15). The vendors had positive attitudes towards nutrition. However, the meals they sold such as fat cakes and processed meats, were mostly fat and energy dense, and these have a potential to cause health issues such obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Studies on nutrition knowledge especially among this demographic are significantly fewer, and no other study of this kind has been conducted in the Free State.Item Open Access Growth parameters and food frequently consumed by Basotho children aged 6–24 months old at Maseru and Leribe districts of Lesotho:(John Wiley & Sons, 2024-07-12) Nyofane, Mothusi; Rapotsane, Malebusa; Moshao, MohlotsaneUndernutrition in children remains a public health concern. Despite the global efforts to address undernutrition, Lesotho continues to bear the highest burden of childhood undernutrition. The study assessed the anthropometric measurements and dietary intake of children aged 6–24 months. A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted among 113 mother–child dyads attending clinic visits at Makoanyane Military Hospital (Maseru district); n = 50 and Motebang Hospital (Leribe district); n = 63. A structured sociodemographic and feeding practices questionnaires based on adapted World Health Orga- nization (WHO) questionnaires were used. The usual food consumption was collected using an unquantified food frequency questionnaire. Anthropo- metric measurements and z scores computation were done as per WHO standard guidelines. Statistics included percentages for categorical variables and means for continuous variables. The percentage of continued breast- feeding was 54.0% in Maseru and 28.6% in Leribe districts. Complementary feeds were introduced at the mean age of 5.3 � 1.0 (Maseru) and 5.2 � 1.3 months (Leribe). In Leribe, 84.1% of children were consuming maize porridge every day while in Maseru, 68.0% of children were consuming commercial baby cereal every day. The prevalence of wasting was 10.0% (Maseru) and 20.6% with 14.3% of severe wasting (Leribe). A higher per- centage of stunting was observed in Leribe (36.5%) than in Maseru (20.0%) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of moderate and severe stunting was 8.0% and 12.0% in Maseru and 20.6% and 15.9% in Leribe, respectively. The prevalence of stunting is alarmingly high in Leribe. The findings suggest an urgent need to strengthen maternal and child health and nutrition programs to ameliorate feeding practices and nutritional statusItem Open Access Comorbidity and haemodialysis adequacy in end-stage kidney disease patients in Lesotho(International Health Review, 2024-12-19) Polile, Rasemoko, P; Lehloenya, Boitumelo; Maja, Lineo; Raute, MoliseBackground: Low- and middle-income countries including Lesotho are faced with a huge burden of end-stage kidney disease in people experiencing human immune virus (HIV), hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Objectives: To assess the comorbidity, mortality rate and evaluate the haemodialysis adequacy in patients with end-stage kidney disease in Motebang government hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 142 adult male and female patients enrolled for haemodialysis from 1st October 2017 to 30th June 2023 in Motebang government hospital. Patient’s characteristics and clinical outcomes data were analysed using descriptive statistics Results: Among 142 patients enrolled, there were 84 (59.2%) males and 58 (40.8%) females. 19 (13.4%) patients were below 34 years while 33 (23.3%) patients were between 45 and 64 years. In all age groups, 41 (28.9%) patients had HIV, 37 (26.1%) patients had HTN alone and 24 (16.9%) patients had combination of HTN and DM. In 63 deceased patients, there were 36 (57.1%) males and 27 (42.7%) females. Among deceased, 18 (28.5%) patients had HIV, 15 (23.8%) had combination of HTN and DM, 14 (22.3%) patients had HTN alone, while all the patients (99.3%) were also anaemic. Since 2017, 19 (30.2%) patients died in 2020, 12 (19%) died in 2022 while only 4 (6.3%) patients died up to date (June 2023). Among 79 patients, only 1 (1.3%) patient had urea- reduction ratio (URR) greater than 65%. Conclusions: Chronic diseases are the major risks factors in patients with end-stage kidney disease in Motebang hospital. Haemodialysis adequacyshould form the integral part of monitoring in patients with end-stage kidney disease to prolong lifeItem Open Access HIV Self-Testing in Southern Africa: Progress and Challenges(International Journal of Recent Innovations in Medicine and Clinical Research, 2019-12-29) Sello, M; Ramathebane, Maseabata M; Maja, L.J; Shelile, M.Z; Namole, L.DPitfalls of HIV testing in health care facilities include fears over loss of privacy and confidentiality. HIV self-testing represents an innovative strategy to expand access to HIV testing services in the general population and also to reach individuals at high risk for HIV who may not otherwise submit to HIV testing, including young people and key populations. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies done in southern African countries between the 1st January 2016 to 15th March 2018 on HIVST with focus on progress made and challenges observed. Thirteen (13) observational studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. These studies were published between January 2016 and March 2018 across five southern African countries namely Zambia (3), Malawi (2), South Africa (5), Zimbabwe (1), Botswana (1). There was also a study done in both Malawi and Zimbabwe (1). HIVST is highly acceptable in southern Africa despite challenges ranging from gender differences, acquisition of test kits, lack of pre-test and post-test counseling, potential social harm and inadequate ability to following user’s instructionsItem Open Access Evaluation of Southern African Wild Edible Plants for Potential Herb-Drug Interactions Through Ex Vivo P-Glycoprotein and In Vitro Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitory Effects(Elsevier, 2024-11-08) Kheoane, P S; Mokhetho, K C; Mokhele, S; Mbara, K C; Leonard, C M; Gadaga, T H; Tarirai, CWild edible plants (WEPs) including herbs provide staple foods as well as income for local communities on the African continent. However, these commonly used plant materials interact with orthodox or conventional drugs through both p-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 enzymes inhibition. Hence, it is vital to explore the possibility of herb- drug interactions when concomitantly taking conventional drug dosage forms with some of the WEPs. P-gp and CYP3A4 show analogous substrate specificities and work together to establish an intestinal absorption barrier against xenobiotics. This study investigated the ex vivo p-glycoprotein inhibition and the in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoezyme by selected wild edible plants to identify potential food/herb-drug interactions.Item Open Access Challenges of Open Distance Learning: Insights from Nursing Students at the National University of Lesotho(Science Publishing Group, 2024-09-20) Letsae, Thapelo John; Mahlelehlele, Bokang Amelia; Maja, Lineo J; Phiri, Letuka JamesBackground: The implementation of an E-learning pedagogical model of education for Bachelor of Nursing Science students presents obstacles, including delayed assignment completion, insufficient class participation, low competency, and job loss. Objective: To explore nursing students’ challenges associated with open distance learning at the National University of Lesotho. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and was distributed to Participants online through google forms. The study was conducted for the period of three weeks in the month of May 2024. The data was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Results: A total of 58 students responded, out of which 93% experienced challenges during open distance learning while 7% did not. About 81% of Participants struggled with technology, while 71% complained about unreliable internet and personal issues that affected their study during open distance learning. Furthermore, environmental factors interrupted communications among learners and instructors. Issues of unreliable internet, impaired interaction, insufficient built-in support, institutional organization and personal factors that affected open distance learning were revealed. Conclusion: The research findings provide insight on the need to efficiently implement open distance learning for nursing students. Challenges experienced by nursing students that affected their learning include struggling with technology, requiring built-in support systems, and the need to secure an internet connection during open distance learning. Furthermore, prior planning for open distance learning is necessary for proper organization and management of personal issues affecting open distance learningItem Open Access Navigating challenges and opportunities in nursing education(Science Publishing Group, 2024-09-11) Molefi, Eliot Molefi; Mpemi, Mamello Regina; Phiri, Letuka James; Mahlelehlele, Bokang Amelia; Nthabane, Titi NellyGlobally, student frustration and attrition rates are declining, underscoring the importance of investigating the academic and interpersonal challenges that students face after their first year. Objectives: exploring the experiences of National University of Lesotho student nurses on their course of education. Method: A qualitative phenomenological research design was used to conduct research at the National University of Lesotho. Data was collected using an unstructured interview guide in two focus groups comprising all student nurses who are enrolled in the nursing and midwifery programme from their second year into the programme. This study employed a stratified random sampling procedure to select its respondents. This study made use of thematic analysis. Results: The results demonstrated clinical weariness caused by a severe workload. The tasks and responsibilities assigned to the students, which they consider to be the duties of registered nurses, frequently leave them feeling overburdened. Variations in clinical supervision experiences include negligence; some experience sexual abuse; and some students find the clinical setting quite unpleasant and inappropriate. On the other hand, students expressed that they are empowered by the current nursing curriculum to face the clinical challenges. Conclusion: Despite appreciating the faculty's supportive and inspiring environment, students had conflicting emotions about the instructional approaches and learning environments. There were variations in both instructional quality and clinical supervisionItem Open Access Knowledge of disease condition and medications among hypertension patients in Lesotho(CrossMark, 2015-10-23) Mugomeri, Eltony; Ramathebane, Maseabata M; Maja, Lineo J; Chatanga, Peter; Moletsane, LipalesaThis study evaluated the levels of knowledge of hypertension and the associated medications among hypertension patients in Lesotho and assessed the significance of these indicators on hypertension treatment outcomes. About 81% (n ¼ 212) of the patients had hypertension monocondition while the remaining had multiple chronic conditions. Seventy-six percent of the patients had uncontrolled hypertension. Nearly 36% had inadequate knowledge about hypertension while 44% had inade- quate knowledge about their medicines. In total, 52.4% of the patients defaulted appointment dates while 64.6% failed to take their medications as prescribed at least once. Inadequate knowledge of antihypertensive medicines was significantly associated (P ¼ .028) with having uncontrolled hypertension. Inadequate knowledge of antihypertensive medicines is an important determinant of uncontrolled hypertension. Improving the knowledge of hypertension and the associated medica- tions is an important intervention required in this population.Item Open Access Assessment of patient counselling in diabetic and hypertensive patients in terms of patient knowledge about their medication, disease state and lifestyle modifications by pharmacy personnel at LDF clinic in Maseru(INNOVARE Academic Sciences, 2018-02-13) Maja, Lineo J; Masia, Thabiso; Binyane, Kabelo; Ramathebane, Maseabata MObjective: To investigate if diabetic and hypertensive patients were being adequately counselled by pharmacy personnel about their medication, disease states and lifestyle modifications at Lesotho defence force (LDF) clinic in Maseru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetic and hypertensive patients treated at LDF clinic in Maseru from March to May 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data in a face-to-face interview with patients. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to analyse collected data. Results: The study population consisted of 222 participants; 22 (28.2%) of diabetic. respondents had inadequate knowledge of diabetes mellitus complications and 56 (71.8%) had no knowledge of complications. 153 (78.8%) of hypertensive respondents had inadequate knowledge of hypertension complications and 33 (17.1%) had no knowledge of complications. 56 (25.2%) had adequate knowledge of lifestyle modifications of diabetes mellitus and hypertension and 164 (73.9%) had inadequate knowledge. 182 (82.0%) had adequate knowledge of their anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic medicines names, 20 (9.0%) had inadequate knowledge and 20 (9.0%) had no knowledge. 63 (28.4%) had adequate knowledge of their medicines strengths, 17 (7.7%) had inadequate knowledge and 142 (64.0%) had no knowledge. 199 (89.6%) respondents had adequate knowledge of dosing frequency and 20 (9.0%) had inadequate knowledge. Conclusion: Hypertensive and diabetic patients’ knowledge about medication, disease states and lifestyle modifications were inadequate due to poor patient counselling on such aspects by pharmacy personnel at LDF clinic in Maseru.