Evaluation of water distribution system and its impact in Ha Foso, Berea, Lesotho
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Date
2025
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National University of Lesotho
Abstract
The interplay between urbanization, water demand and supply, and resource management is a
critical issue, particularly as population concentration intensifies, with the implications for
peri-urban areas. Rapid urbanization in Lesotho, for instance, has exerted pressures on the
water infrastructure network, particularly in newly developing peri-urban communities like
Ha Foso, where water supply challenges have become an issue. This study, therefore, evaluates
the performance, adequacy, and reliability of Ha Foso’s water distribution system. EPANET
software was used to conduct hydraulic analysis assessing parameters such as pressure levels,
flow rates, and network efficiency, among others. Complementing the technical analysis,
quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from a sample of 270 households, while
participant interviews were conducted with water consumers and utility personnel. Logistic
regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between infrastructure performance
and users’ satisfaction, providing a robust analysis for understanding the system’s impact on
the community. The study identifies systemic inefficiencies in the distribution network, such
as low water pressure as well as low frequency, duration, shortage of, and less reliable water
supply, and dissatisfied consumers. By integrating technical information (through
assessments) with community perspectives, this study provides innovative solutions, such as
adding booster pumps in households that receive low pressure for water infrastructure
management. It also suggests measures, including installing pressure-reducing valves in high-
pressure zones to protect infrastructure for improved water access and resilience of the water
distribution network, towards achieving equitable and sustainable water resource
management.