Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of selected edible wild plant extracts

Abstract

Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic aAntioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. subsp. animalis animalis (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC 25527), Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus (TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus acidophilus acidophilus (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity. Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa (500 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC 50 of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC50 <60 <60 µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). Rorippa nudiusculaRorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of B. animalis B. animalis B. animalis significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8-fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album and and and Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosusL. rhamnosusL. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of L. acidophilus L. acidophilusL. acidophilus L. acidophilus L. acidophilus than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. It was It was It was It was concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.